Inside the Palace: Lesser-Known Stories

72-LS.1627See an intriguing update, below in blue.

On the heels of our recent honor by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, we asked Curator Josef Díaz to offer some insider info about its early occupants.

Governor Luis de Rosas, 1637‑1641

Franciscan friars accused Rosas of encouraging the Pueblo Indians in their traditional religious practices to gain their favor and obtain trade goods. He opened warehouses and sweatshops in the Palace and amassed goods to sell in Chihuahua. In 1641, he was jailed by a pro-Franciscan faction, then murdered in his cell.

Governor Bernardo López de Mendizábal, 1659-1661

He and his wife, Doña Teresa Aguilera y Roche, oversaw an extensive remodel of the then-crumbling Palace, adding some 18 rooms, including new living quarters, a courtyard, a torreon and several storerooms.

One of the museum’s friends asked for more info about where the improvements might have been. We threw the question to archaeologist Cordelia Thomas Snow, one of the best experts on the Palace. Her answer: “Don’t we wish we knew; however, Jose Esquibel found hints in the Mendizable Inquisition documents that suggest the Mendizable apartments were located on the east side of the Government Palace. Those same documents also indicate there was an orchard to the east of the building. The problem is we don’t know the exact location of the Palace prior to the Revolt.  The 17th century foundations that have been uncovered in and adjacent to the building bear no relationship to the building we know as the Palace.”

The mystery continues!

Juan Bautista de Anza, 1778-1787

One of his most unusual accomplishments was capturing and shipping five elk to King Carlos II for his private game reserve in Madrid, Spain.

Governor Joaquín del Real Alencaster, 1805-1808

In October 1806, he sent troops to intercept Americans illegally entering Spain’s territory. They arrested Zebulon Montgomery Pike on the Conejos River. During the few days he was held in Santa Fe, Pike enjoyed a dinner at the Palace, writing that it “was rather splendid, having a variety of dishes and wines of the southern provinces, and when his excellency was a little warmed with influence of cheering liquor, he became very sociable.”

Image above: Lantern slide of burros loaded with firewood in front of Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1915-1926 (?), by Edward Kemp. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives LS.1627.

Meet Andrew Wulf, the museum’s incoming director

AndrewWulf_300After a national search, Andrew J. Wulf, curator of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library & Museum, has been named director of our museum. He won’t start until April, but you can start getting to know him now.

Tell us a bit about yourself.

I was born in Los Angeles in 1971. My parents are Robert, a retired aerospace engineer who worked on black projects throughout my life (Dad can neither confirm nor deny he visited Area 51), and Kathleen, an educational psychologist and professor at USC for over 35 years. I lived in the hills above the Pacific Ocean in West Los Angeles, was a bookworm but also a very physical kid. While my friends surfed, I sat on the beach and read, and read, and read, and read. However, I was also disappearing into the Santa Monica Mountains, rock climbing, looking for snakes, frogs, horned toads.

What was the coolest thing about growing up in LA?

The coolest thing about growing up in LA occurred by the time fourth grade rolled around. I was already established at Marquez Elementary School, in Pacific Palisades, just two miles from the Pacific Ocean. This was the year the Los Angeles Unified School District began its pilot busing exchange program. Basically, kids from West Los Angeles (where I lived) would be bused to inner-city schools, while kids from East Los Angeles and South Central would be transferred to the west-side schools. This was the year 97 percent of my friends changed from public to private schools. My parents gave me the option of changing too, but they discouraged it. My mother, an educator who had started her career as a history teacher in a racially mixed north LA high school back in the ’60s, recommended I stay in the public system, for it’s the “real world,” a world that both my parents, and my brother, who at the time in the sixth grade, agreed was just as important a part of my world as my predictable environment back at Marquez Elementary.

Needless to say, my life did change. I woke up two hours earlier than before. The bus ride was an hour every morning and afternoon. My brother and I, and the few from our core class back at Marquez who decided to participate in the busing program, were the only white kids at Coliseum Street School. Coliseum is situated in the Crenshaw district, south of the Santa Monica Freeway, equidistant from Inglewood in the west and Watts and Compton in the east.

As it happened, I loved going there. This room of children seemed more interesting, having a completely mixed group of kids from Japan and Korea, Mexico, El Salvador, while most of the student body was African-American. I just loved playing with the other children my age, especially Billy Cryer, who lived farther east from Coliseum, in “the hood,” as he called it. He was my best friend over the next three years. This entire experience continues to shape my thinking about people, the world, and my place in it.

Share some information about your wife and daughter.

My wonderful wife, Amparo Valenzuela Wulf, grew up on an apple farm north of Durango, Mexico, and attended a one-room schoolhouse her grandfather built. Moving to the States for high school and university, “Paro” distinguished herself as a professional interpreter and translator for the government and local school districts. Margo Belén Wulf, our six-year-old daughter, speaks fluent Spanish and English, and is learning French as we speak. Her favorite activities are gymnastics (she loves Victory Gym where she trains!) and piano (which she has taken to with great enthusiasm, playing our timeworn, un-refurbished 102 year-old Steinway piano in our family room).

What attracted you to museum work?

Visiting the King Tut exhibition when it traveled to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1977. I knew then and there that I wanted to be in the arts, culture and heritage business. My family did not have a lot of extra money, but my parents, dedicated travelers, were able to take my brother and me around the world during our childhood, camping in Europe for entire summers, backpacking through India, feeding kangaroos in Australia. This led to my living in Lisbon as a teenager, Paris in my twenties and London and Leicester as a young adult, studying art history at the Courtauld during the summer and working in the membership education programs at the Victoria and Albert during the school year. My favorite museums outside the U.S. are the Maeght Foundation in St. Paul de Vence, the Acropolis Museum in Athens, the Rodin Museum in Paris, and the Gulbenkian in Lisbon. In the United States? NMHM.

When was your first visit to New Mexico?

My first visit to New Mexico was passing through on the train (I was on my way from LA to Minneapolis) over 20 years ago. Saw mostly rolling countryside but did not grasp, in any sense, the depth of this region’s history at that time. The first quality visit was this last fall when the interview process began for the directorship.

From your visits to the History Museum, what artifacts or parts of the campus have most strongly tugged at your heart?

I am thoroughly intrigued by each and every aspect of this sensational institution. The Core Exhibit, the Photo Archives, the Chavez Library, the Palace Press, the Portal Program, not to mention the artifact collections and the stellar public programs, are all specific entities that tugged at my heart from the moment I learned of them. I have strong feelings about each of these. As a curator, I am naturally inclined to the primacy of the object. In my experience of research on artifacts of any origin, objects themselves are the main draw for visitors, but documents, rare books, photographs and so forth, capture the intentions of their makers (or subjects) in ways that objects rarely do. As historical evidence, objects can be seriously ambiguous.

What parts of New Mexico’s history are you most excited to explore?

For my own understanding of this region’s profound history, I would like to both maintain and move beyond the “official” stories, which the museum already quite successfully (and beautifully) addresses in its Core Exhibit. A quote I recently heard doubting/transcending official stories: “Is it possible, in the final analysis, for one human being to achieve a perfect understanding of another? We can invest enormous time and energy in serious efforts to know another person, but in the end, how close can we come to that person’s essence? We convince ourselves that we know the other person well, but do we really know anything important about anyone?” (Haruki Murakami. 2003. The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, Vintage, London, p. 24). That said, I plan a thorough study trip through all the state’s historical sites with Director Richard Sims. And, closer to home, I plan to draw upon the expertise of NMHM’s deeply talented and knowledgeable staff to point me to stories that have not been told, particularly by individuals and groups whose voices have not been heard.

Describe your leadership style.

My mentor, Rabbi Levi Meier, a dear friend and Jungian psychologist who passed away seven years ago, gave me this quote from Rilke as a cautionary note against ceasing to understand oneself: “If we imagine this being of the individual as a larger or smaller room, it is obvious that most people come to know only one corner of their room, one spot near the window, one narrow strip on which they keep walking back and forth. In this way they have a certain security.” Following on this personal value echoed in Polonius’s admonition to “Know Thyself,” I am collaborative to the hilt. I promote and expect my staff to claim ownership of their projects. I foster pride in my staff and I expect them to maintain a pride in their work. I’ve got your back. You’ve got mine.

My leadership style, for the sake of space, can be condensed to the following three epigrams of the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan:

“Trust, but verify.”

“It can be done.”

“There is no limit to what a man can do or where he can go if he does not mind who gets the credit.”

Red or green?

I like both together!!! Beats Sriracha, that’s for sure.

Our Treasure, Now the Nation’s

013045_72_5x3On January 28, the National Trust for Historic Preservation made official what many of us have long known to be true: The Palace of the Governors is a National Treasure. In a special event that included Mayor Javier Gonzales and Cultural Affairs Secretary Veronica Gonzales, the nonprofit organization pulled the Palace into a lineup that includes the likes of Nashville’s Music Row, Theodore Roosevelt’s North Dakota Elkhorn Ranch, and Miami’s Marine Stadium.

The listing helps us draw attention to the Palace as we seek $1.5 million from legislators for critical repairs to the building. The Museum of New Mexico Foundation is simultaneously launching a $3.5 million campaign to fund renovations to the exhibits.

The Trust noted that Palace construction began in 1610 and serves as a testament to the depth of Hispanic roots in the American story.

“Growing up here in Santa Fe,” Javier Gonzales said, “this was our backyard. It is a source of tremendous community pride.”

Barbara Pahl, western vice president for the trust, said she first learned of the Palace in college when an architecture professor dubbed it one of the 10 best examples of architecture in America.

“We’re proud to be able to work at your side to ensure the funds are available…now and for future generations,” she said.

How can you help? Start by clicking here to electronically declare your support. Then come visit. Pick up a survey at our front desk and share your story of the Palace. Write to your legislators. Show you care by posting a message on your Facebook page. And look forward to “Adobe Summer,” a series of programs we’re developing to deepen everyone’s understanding of the Palace and the Southwest’s greenest, most popular building medium.

After the announcement, historian, archaeologists and re-enactors fanned out across the campus to talk with visitors about the Palace. Tom Leech and James Bourland created a keepsake bookmark on the Estancia Press. Los Compadres generously provided refreshments and worked various work posts. We were honored by the support and thrilled at the thought of the new day to come for our favorite National Treasure. Please enjoy these images taken by Digital Imaging Specialist Hannah Abelbeck of the Photo Archives.

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Legend of the Luminarias (Uh . . . Farolitos)

Old Town Plaza, with San Felipe de Neri Church, Albuquerque, 1990 (?). Palace of the Governors Photo Archives HP.2007.20.1052.

Old Town Plaza, with San Felipe de Neri Church, Albuquerque, 1990 (?). Palace of the Governors Photo Archives HP.2007.20.1052.

In a Dec. 3, 1590, journal entry, Spanish explorer Gaspar Costaño de Sosa mentioned the small bonfires his cohorts had lit to guide a scout back to camp. Luminarias, he called them, thereby casting the first stone in a 400-year-old, northern-versus-southern New Mexico debate over the little paper bags that light up our holiday nights.

“They’re farolitos,” folks north of La Bajada Hill insist.

“Luminarias,” everyone from Albuquerque on down says.

Over the years, even linguists have disagreed. Their arguments for and against fill a fat file at the Fray Angélico Chávez History Library at the New Mexico History Museum. Among the certainties is this: Before the 1872 invention of flat-bottom paper bags, before the ready availability of votive candles, and before electricity and strings of “icicle lights,” New Mexicans marked the paths to their doors and the local church with small, Sosa-style bonfires on Christmas eve—symbolically lighting the way for the Holy Family.

Chinese paper lanterns found their way to Santa Fe via the 18th-century Manila galleons and El Camino Real, but the paper was so fragile that outdoor use was rare. Once cheaper paper bags arrived on the Santa Fe Trail, locals discovered they could fold down the tops, anchor them with a few handfuls of sand, and set a small candle inside for a more subtle display that didn’t deplete the winter woodpile.

Paper bags with sand and a candle in the bottom, waiting for placement, 1980. Santa Fe New Mexican Collection, Palace of the Governors Photo Archives HP.2014.14.289.

Paper bags with sand and a candle in the bottom, waiting for placement, 1980. Santa Fe New Mexican Collection, Palace of the Governors Photo Archives HP.2014.14.289.

But what to call them? Some folks stuck with luminaria, “light” in Spanish. Others adopted farolito, from “farol,” the Spanish word for lantern. In the 1930s, as more people got the paper-bag bug, newspaper articles dithered, alternately calling them farolitos, linternitas, and farolillos. In 1958, the august New York Times chimed in, but said Albuquerqueans called them farolitos, further confusing the geography.

Before his 1996 death, Fray Angélico himself waded into the debate and essentially concluded, “Whatever.”

Today the bags-and-candles tradition stretches from California to Maine. In Santa Fe, the Christmas Eve farolito walk on Canyon Road is a beloved community event. Head out after sundown to stroll the streets (no cars allowed!) and meet some locals in front of their shops and homes. (Just be sure not to compliment them on their luminarias unless you mean their bonfires. Remember, you’re in the North now.)

As for those plastic versions bedecking rooflines throughout the holiday season, take it from renowned Santa Fe archaeologist Cordelia Snow, whose 1991 letter to the editor cheekily dubbed them “electrolitos.”

Taming the West, One Linen Napkin at a Time

LaFonda_Postcard_72Meet Fred Harvey, Mary Colter, Erna Fergusson and a bevy of Harvey Girls. Setting the Standard: The Fred Harvey Company and Its Legacy (the first major installation to join our main exhibit, Telling New Mexico), gives voice to the ways that New Mexico changed the Harvey Company—and the ways that Harvey changed New Mexico. We chatted with Meredith Davidson, curator of 19th- and 20th-century collections, about how it came to be.

What was your reaction on getting assigned to do this exhibition?

I was thrilled. When I started, I knew only the surface level of Fred Harvey history, but began to see him as a lens that overlaps with almost any topic you can imagine in the Southwest. Now I like to say, “All roads lead to Harvey!”

What did you decide to focus on?

The turning points in the company’s history that were directly related to New Mexico. The Alvarado was an early destination hotel and the company’s western hub. La Fonda (postcard image above) shows the company’s move away from trackside-only locations. Indian Detours were the start of regional tourism. And the Harvey Girls’ genesis happened in Raton.

4-72-Harvey_Ashtray2Where did you go during your research?

Kansas City, Leavenworth, California, and Arizona. I was also lucky to work closely with descendants of the Harvey family here and in Chicago, several of whom lent materials for the exhibit, including a stunning copper gong that once hung in the company’s corporate headquarters. After a winding search, I tracked down the daughter of someone known in the FredHead community for acquiring “all things Harvey.” Her father had passed away in 2010 and everyone wondered what had happened to Skip Gentry’s collection. Well, it is in about every room of his daughter’s home in North California. I spent two full days with her peeking in binders, opening boxes and moving framed pieces. I was ecstatic when she offered to lend us several of the key gems.

`My favorite item in the exhibit is….’

I really can’t pick just one, but I did fall in love with a portrait of an Indian Detours Courier named Amelia McFie. I had met her family in Las Cruces and anticipated holding a place in the exhibit to tell her story, but when I saw the portrait I thought, “She’s so young and well put together!” She helps illustrate how the story of Fred Harvey is not just the large hotels and the intricate systems of high-level hospitality, but the individual lives that were touched and sometimes rerouted by opportunities offered by the company.

4-72-Harvey_HarveyGirlFigurine_ServiceCharmsHow will this exhibit affect the Harvey story?

This is the first long-term exhibit dedicated to the company’s history. I hope it brings a new level of awareness to the topic and shows visitors as well as researchers that there is still so much to learn and so much more to explore—the 1915 World’s Fair in San Diego, the women in the company, the men who married Harvey Girls or worked in the establishments, the management styles that impact today’s hospitality industry, and the clever advertising promoting the Southwest. I hope this exhibit will encourage people to see the New Mexico History Museum, its library and photo archives, as resources for this history and then go out and see the remnants of this history in the Southwest.

Meet Our New(ish) Staff Members

YasminHilloowalaAndDeborahKing-72The New Mexico History Museum recently welcomed two new staffers to the collections vault, left virtually empty when Collections Technician Patrick Cruz left us for graduate school at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Deborah King takes over as registrar, and Yasmin Hilloowala as assistant collections manager. (Deborah, at right in the photo at left, isn’t precisely a newcomer. She worked at the museum prior to its opening and most recently worked in collections at the Museum of International Folk Art.)

Tell us a bit about where you’re from and how you ended up in museum work.

Deborah King: San Antonio, Texas, is my hometown. I studied anthropology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, and enjoyed the field work and archaeological collections process. I moved to New Mexico in 1985 and continued my work with the National Park Service, helping with collections for 37 different parks and monuments in the Southwest.

Yasmin Hilloowala: I ended up in museum work because I got a part-time job in the collections department at the Arizona Historical Society while I was in graduate school at the University of Arizona. One of the first tasks I did was to catalog a set of Christmas ornaments. I knew from then on that I wanted to work in museums.

What made a job at the History Museum enticing?

Deborah: I have always been passionate about historic structures, so the opportunity to work at the Palace of the Governors is very attractive. Having worked with the collections before, I am aware of the great significance and historic relevance these objects hold.

Yasmin: Most of my career has been spent in history museums. They are the most interesting because they have such a variety of collections.

What are some of the challenges of our collections?

Deborah: The biggest challenge is preserving the Palace of the Governors. The building is subjected to the very things we protect against in the climate-controlled environment of collection storage—temperature, humidity, light levels, bugs, rodents and handling. It takes a dedicated team working together to maintain its integrity.

Yasmin: The variety of artifacts makes housing and caring for the collections challenging.

What’s your favorite artifact so far?

Deborah: The Palace of the Governors.

Yasmin: A lusterware charger on display in the Palace because it is related to my academic field, which is Middle Eastern art and history.

What do you collect for your own home?

Deborah: I create and collect memories. The repository of these intangible memoirs will be with my children with no space requirements.

Yasmin: I don’t collect anything. Managing a collection cures you of wanting your own collection.

History Sleuths Find a Few Good Firemen

Uniform_Ambrotype1

While prepping for an August talk, Photo Curator Daniel Kosharek and Imaging Specialist Hannah Abelbeck reached into a box and pulled out a mystery. It was a poorly documented ambrotype of a group of five men whose jackets had been painted bright red. Background details included a viga and corbel, hinting at a New Mexico provenance. Was it from one of the Civil War campaigns that occurred in New Mexico?

Mark MacKenzie, director of the Museum of New Mexico’s Conservation Lab, provided the first clues by working on the photo’s sorry condition. Abelbeck then scanned it at a high resolution, revealing even more.

Uniform_Ambrotype2She searched for information about red uniforms of the era, but found nothing. When she magnified the image, the men’s hats revealed intriguing symbols: a star, a cannon and a bucket. When she flipped the mirror image, what had seemed like Southwestern hieroglyphics turned into letters: “FFC.” Could we be looking at a fire company?

The men had an air of official business about them. One held a gavel; he and another had rolled-up documents.

We posted the image on our Facebook page and sent a query to the Historical Society of New Mexico. Soon, interested folks were weighing in with their ideas. Everyone slowly closed in on the idea of this being the early Santa Fe Fire Company, and a call to the modern-day version yielded a hopeful response.

Assistant Chief Jan Snyder said the photo looked very similar to one in the department’s mini-museum off Cerrillos Road and could depict a bucket brigade.

The Territorial Legislature created the Santa Fe Fire Company on Jan. 26, 1861. A photographer might well have captured an inaugural image, and ambrotypes were a popular medium between 1850–1865.

 

Carson groupAbelbeck kept at it and soon spotted a similarity between the man seated on the left and one of the men in a famous portrait (left, Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 009826) of Civil War-era figures, including Kit Carson, seated in the middle. Charles P. Clever was a German immigrant and an influential businessman and trader, a mason, and the U.S. Marshal for New Mexico starting in 1857. Using Clever’s name, Abelbeck dug up the text for the fire company’s Act of Incorporation and a list of its initial participants.

She’s still working to match the other four men and thinks one may be Solomon Spiegelberg; the other seated fellow may be Charles Emil Wensche. Have a hint? Send it to Hannah.abelbeck@state.nm.us.

 

Meet Fred Harvey at the New Mexico History Museum

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The more one sees of the world…the more he respects Fred Harvey. He is the Great American Caterer.

—William Allen White, 1897

Will Rogers noted that Fred Harvey “kept the West in food—and wives.” But the company’s Harvey Girls are by no means its only legacy. From the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway’s 1879 arrival in New Mexico to the 1970 demolition of Albuquerque’s Alvarado Hotel, the Fred Harvey name and its company’s influence have been felt across New Mexico, not to mention the American West. The company and its New Mexico establishments served as the stage on which people such as Mary Colter fashioned an “authentic” tourist experience through architecture and interior design, while Herman Schweizer helped drive the direction of Native American arts as an industry.

Setting the Standard: The Fred Harvey Company and its Legacy, a new section that joins the New Mexico History Museum’s main exhibit, Telling New Mexico: Stories from Then and Now, tells those stories and more. Opening Sunday, Dec. 7, Setting the Standard uses rarely seen artifacts from the museum’s collection, images from the Palace of the Governors Photo Archives and loans from other museums and private collectors. Focusing on the rise of the Fred Harvey Company as a family business and events that transpired specifically in the Land of Enchantment, the tale will leave visitors with an understanding of how the Harvey experience resonates in our Southwest today. Continue reading

USS New Mexico Gets a Second Course of Tiffany Plates

2014_CrewInConservationLab-1 We were honored today with a visit by the executive officer and senior crew of the USS New Mexico–out of the deep, on dry land and in the desert that their nuclear submarine is named for. Among the reasons for the visit was to trade out two dessert plates from the New Mexico History Museum’s luscious 56-piece Tiffany silver service that have ridden on the boat for the last four years.

Made in 1918 by Tiffany & Co. for use aboard the submarine’s predecessor, the fabled USS New Mexico battleship, the set came to the museum in the 1960s after that boat was decommissioned and after seeing brief use aboard the USS Midway and USS Bon Homme Richard. Since 2010, the submarine has had two plates bearing finely etched drawings of New Mexico scenes, the Santa Fe Trail and Taos Pueblo. They’re just two of the reminders that New Mexicans have placed aboard the submarine, including extensive Southwest-style decor courtesy of the volunteer USS New Mexico Committee, Navy League.

“One of the keys (of the Tiffany plates) is having the link between the ship and the home state,” said LCDR Craig Litty (that’s him at the far left in the photo above). “It makes a connection to remind us of what we do all the time. We’re on a warship. It can be tough to remember what we’re working for. It’s one of the key things to keeping us grounded. Between these plates and what the committee sends us, it keeps us very close. This is my third attack submarine, and it has the best relationship with its home state.”

Continue reading

World War I and New Mexico: A special remembrance

Armored truck and motorcycle in action, Pershing Mexican Expedition, New Mexico, 1916, by W.H. Horne. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives LS.1908. Armored truck and motorcycle in action, Pershing Mexican Expedition, New Mexico, 1916, by W.H. Horne. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives LS.1908.

Armored truck and motorcycle in action, Pershing Mexican Expedition, New Mexico, 1916, by W.H. Horne. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives LS.1908.

After Pancho Villa’s March 9, 1916, attack on Columbus, NM, Gen. John J. Pershing launched a Punitive Expedition with one goal: Get Villa. Given his failure to do so, Pershing’s effort could easily be chalked up as a military failure. But its long-term impact was significant. The surge into Mexico provided valuable training for Pershing and for New Mexico troops who would all too soon enter World War I.

As centenary commemorations for “The Great War” begin across the globe, the History Museum’s interim director, Jon Hunner, will speak on “World War I and New Mexico” at noon on Wednesday, July 30. This free lecture will be in the Meem Community Room; enter through the museum’s Washington Avenue doors.

Hunner is a New Mexico State University professor of history on loan to the museum. His areas of expertise include 20th-century New Mexico and the Manhattan Project.

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated in Sarajevo, along with his wife. A month later, Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia; Russia, Serbia’s ally, immediately mobilized its forces. By Aug. 1, Germany had declared war on Russia, and the dominoes began to fall. The United States entered the war on April 6, 1917. Armistice was achieved on “the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month” of 1918—today commemorated as Veteran’s Day.

What roles did New Mexico play in the conflict and what impact did the war have on our state? What was the Zimmerman telegram and how did it speed America’s entry into the war? Hunner will explore how events in distant lands affected the New Mexicans who served, including the many men who gave their lives, and how those events transformed the nation’s second-youngest state.